The Catholic Church: The Death Penalty

The Catholic Church: The Death Penalty Capital punishment remains a controversial public issue whose moral complexity has been recently affirmed further by a variety of television shows, movies, talk shows and writings. In the midst of this debate are the victims of assault who, understandably enough, would usually rather see their aggressors dead than alive. One of the most prominent victims in this context is the late Pope John Paul II who, after an assassination attempt, never fully recovered from the gun wounds that nearly killed him. Nevertheless, Pope John Paul II made of the attack an example of forgiveness. Pope John Paul II did not stop here but called also for the abolition of the death penalty on this particular occasion. In other words, Pope John Paul II sought to affirm that the answer to violence is not more violence. On the contrary, the proper response would be in the affirmation of Jesus Christs message of hope, forgiveness and reconciliation. It might seem reasonable to conclude in this perspective that since the late Pope was so vehemently against the death penalty, the whole Catholic Church is and has always been opposed to this form of punishment. A closer analysis reveals however that the contrary is true. In the Catholic Church, teachings on the death penalty have changed and developed over time. For example, for many centuries, the Catholic Church accepted the notion that the state reserved the right to take a life in order to protect society. However, over time, and in the light of new facts and realities, the Catholic Church began to recognize that there are other non-violent means through which the state can effectively protect society. (Congressional Records 16751) Today, the Churchs teachings clearly argue against the practice of capital punishment. In short, a historical observation of the status of the death penalty among Catholics and an analysis of the Catechism of the Catholic Church reveal a continuous change and evolvement of perception regarding the practice over the centuries. The Catechism of the Catholic Church clearly defines the conditions under which a life can be taken and highlights thereby the reasons that support the Churchs convictions. For example, the Catechism specifically states that: If bloodless means are sufficient to defend human lives against an aggressor and to protect public order and the safety of persons, public authority should limit itself to such means, because they better correspond to the concrete conditions of the common good and are more in conformity to the dignity of the human person (Congressional Records 16751). This passionate defense of the sanctity of life, even a criminals, is mainly related to the Catholic belief that all humans are created in the image of God and therefore possess a certain amount of value, dignity and worth which ought to be protected and uphold at any time. In other words, the Catholic Church today regards every individual as a sacred being and strongly affirms that every human life is precious, including the life of those individuals who violated the rights of others. The Church currently defends this position by pointing out that human dignity is not qualified by the individuals actions as it is inherent and can therefore neither be earned nor forfeited. In the Catechism of the Catholic Church, the conditions under which a life can be taken, even for the purpose of protecting others, have been significantly narrowed over time. Today the Church passionately argues against the death penalty and justifies the stance through a reference to a variety of Biblical scriptures and religious and moral/ethical concepts. However it is interesting to note that Church approached the dilemma from a different perspective for many centuries. According to the excerpts 2266 from the Catechism of the Catholic Church, the efforts of the state to curb the spread of harmful social behavior ought to be recognized and supported for the common good. In this context, the Church supported the right of the state to inflict any suitably deemed punishment including the death penalty, as long as it was proportionate to the gravity of the offense. Excerpt 2267, issued by the Vatican on September 9, 1997, suggests at first glance a continuity in the Churchs point of view. The excerpt namely asserts that non-lethal means are preferable to lethal ones but that recourse to the death penalty was nevertheless not opposed by the Church if it was in the defense and protection of a human life. It is thus interesting to note how the Church moved to gradually curb the practice of the death penalty in a subtle but nevertheless very effective manner. For example, excerpt 2267 is in fact, despite its affirmation of the Churchs acceptance of capital punishment, very strict about the act as the death penalty is only deemed acceptable if it manages to protect a human life from an aggressor. Since contemporary states and criminal justice systems already possess a variety of means through which a criminal can be prevented from harming others, cases where it is absolutely necessary to suppress the guilty are today very rare, if not practically non-existent (Death Penalty Information Center). It is thus relevant to conclude in the light of the aforementioned that the Catholic Church has gradually evolved to limit the conditions under which a life can be taken, even a criminals. The Catholic Church takes today a pro-life, abolitionist view of the death penalty for a variety of reasons that have especially grown in significance over the last few decades. First of all, the Church affirms that there is no conclusive evidence which supports the belief that the death penalty reduces the homicide rate. Thereby, one of the most inhuman, petty and immoral reasons for retaining the death penalty is related to the idea of retribution, or vengeance, which quite obviously conflicts with Jesus message of forgiveness and peace. In the last decade, the Holy Father has affirmed frequently that this purpose undermines the states attempts at reform and the protection of its citizens and the common good. Punishment should not be about vengeance but about the defending of public order and the ensuring of public safety while simultaneously reaching out to the offender to correct his or her behavior. Since there are other methods through which the public good can be defended and as the execution of the offender prevents from any chance of rehabilitation, the death penalty consequentially fails in meeting the standards of the Catholic Churchs definition of the acceptable and effective punishment (Congressional Records 16751). This carefully constructed and well-reasoned opposition of the death penalty has become, as stated, especially outspoken over the last few decades. In the United States, and especially beginning with the 1980s, Catholic bishops began recognizing that Christian tradition has for a long time acknowledged the governments right to protect its citizens by applying the death penalty in certain cases. However, and as society and the penal system evolved, capital punishment became less justifiable according to the Bishops in a 1980 statement entitled Capital Punishment. The main reasons for opposing the death penalty, according to the statement, are related to the ideas of retribution and deterrence. With regard to deterrence, it was stated that while capital punishment does prevent certain individuals from repeating their crime, others are not necessarily prevented from engaging in similar atrocities. As for retribution, the bishops underlined the previously discussed about the irrelevance of capital punishment as a form of effective punishment if it is a means through which to seek vengeance rather than social security, stability, justice, dignity and rehabilitation (Overberg). All of these reasons are what currently define the Catholic Churchs stance regarding capital punishment; reasons that have only grown in relevance over the last few decades. Indeed, the acceptance of capital punishment has varied over the centuries in the Roman Catholic Church. Until at least the middle of the twentieth century, it was generally agreed that the state had the right, and sometimes the duty, to impose the death penalty for certain inacceptable offenses. These ideas were justified through a reference to Scripture. It is interesting to note how this teaching was the common doctrine of the Fathers and Doctors of the Church, including for instance the two great Doctors of the West, Augustine and Thomas Aquinas. Pope Innocent III accepted in the thirteenth century the concept of the death penalty as a proper form of punishment for heretics. Even after the Second World War, Pope Pius XII showed clear support of capital punishment; a position that was affirmed by the Catechism of the Council of Trent. It is also interesting to note that while currently, and as has been illustrated, the death penalty is judged to be weak in meeting the basic princi ples of proper punishment; it was for a long time judged to be suitable for the following four reasons: retribution, defense of society against the criminal, deterrence and rehabilitation. Ironically enough, all of these reasons are presently also cited to underline the immorality of the death penalty. The reliance on these four reasons by Catholics in the past versus now illustrates the evolvement and change in the content of the ideas which contributed to the overall alteration of the Churchs point of view regarding the death penalty. For instance, while retribution is today regarded as a petty reason that should be excluded out of any effective punishment, the Church used to affirm that when justice has been grossly violated, it was acceptable to believe that the restoration of order would require depriving an individual of life itself. This position was defended by Scriptures such as Romans 13:1-4 and Genesis 9:5-6. Thereby, while the Church regards capital punishment today as a failure in providing the offender with a chance of rehabilitation, it used to affirm just a few decades ago that while execution does not reintegrate offenders into society, it prevents hardened criminals from spiritually harming themselves further by sin.(Owens, Elshtain 23-25) It becomes thus clear through these brief comparisons between past and current understandings of concepts and reasons related to capital punishment, that the issue has been indeed gradually, but nevertheless definitely, changing over time in the Roman Catholic Church. It has become clear that the Catholic Church has been gradually adapting its perceptions of the issue of capital punishment over the centuries. The changes usually came in response to certain social conditions. For instance and as has been noted, Pope Innocent III deemed this form of punishment suitable for heretics which is understandable considering the context of the thirteenth century. Since World War II, opposition to capital punishment among Catholics grew steadily due to the fear that the criminal justice system was abused in the death camps of Nazi Germany and Stalinist Russia. (Owens, Elshtain 24) It is nevertheless observable that the Church has only cautiously moved towards confining the practice of capital punishment. In 1992, in the first edition of the Catechism of the Catholic Church, and specifically in article 2266, the classical position of the Church was reaffirmed. It is however interesting to note that the following excerpt, 2267, laid the first subtle but nevert heless effectively restrictive measures that define the Churchs position today. The rise of Pope John Paul II and his continuous and passionate criticism of the death penalty have undoubtedly strengthened the Churchs position even further. Today, the Catholic Church seeks to send the message that the cycle of violence can only be broken through the application of Jesus Christs message of hope, forgiveness and love. Taking a life in response to a criminal act is criticized as ineffective in solving the current social and crime problems rooted in a complex reality that includes social conditions as poverty and injustice. Thereby, the Catholic Church seeks to abolish the death penalty today to uphold the dignity and worth of a human being as man is created in the image of God and it is only HE who is the Lord of life. Humans are therefore by no means entitled to destroy life, which should be taken care of and treated as sacred and worthy no matter what. In the context of these beliefs is indeed no place for the acceptance of capital punishment.

Public Speaking – Friends and Friendship.

HPD 111 – PUBLIC SPEAKING ENGLISH MOHD HAFIZAN BIN MOHAMAD SAH 2010319793 OUTLINE TOPIC: Friends and friendship. OUTLINE Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about who are friend, and what is friendship. Central Idea: friends are people whom will always be at your side whenever you need to express or share your feeling and do some activities with them. Introduction I. It was a few years ago when I saw a group of teenagers do some bully to a teenager. However, that teenager didn’t report their activities to police but he got back up by some other teenagers whose are his friend came to elp him out. II. When I saw this incident, I have learnt that friends are essential whenever we are in pinch. III. They could help us out whenever we in serious trouble. IV. Today, I would like to inform you about friend and friendship. (Transition: Let’s start with the first point about friendship. ) Body I. Friendship is a blessing for us. A. Friends will help us whenever we are in a pinch. 1. True friends will help us from any trouble. 2. Friends will challenge us to attain our original limits with encouragement when we allow ourselves not to go beyond our easonable boundaries. B. They will cheer us when we’re sorrowful or depressed. 1. Friends will motivate us when we’re ready to give in, and they can provide for us when life falls apart. 2. Friendship is a blessing, and a friend is the channel through whom great emotional, spiritual, and sometimes even physical blessings flow. (Transition: Now you knew that friendship is like blesses to us, let’s look about the other meaning of friendship. ) II. Friendship is everlasting relationship. A. Friendship is the only everlasting feature in the world. 1. Friends will try to find new ways to make you not to fall into depression. 2. Friends can also make us realised that depression won’t help us from solving any trouble. B. Friendship will grow slowly as we experienced new things with friends and it will not be removed easily. 1. They will find innovative ways to stop us from falling, failing and try to get help to lift us up. 2. They will give us some good advice to rebuild strength on facing any troubles. (Transition: Given there about everlasting friendship, I’m sure you want to know what’s next. ) III. Friendship will give us courage to go through life. A. Friends, they are the only source of our brave hearts. 1. Friends will make us show more efforts and spirits when doing something that we can’t do before. 2. Friends will come to us to help us solve our problems. B. Friendship is one of our sources to become brave while making some activities that need more courage. 1. Friendship gives courage to our mind and body. 2. Friends will help us to escape from big troubles. Conclusion I. As we have look through there are lots things to consider about friends and friendship. II. Friends are the most precious treasure to us and we need to keep it in good condition. III. In case of getting some friends, you need to find the loyal friends in your life so that your relationship will become worthy at the end. Bibliography Albert, Prakash (2010). Friends and Friendship – Who are friends, and what are friendship. Lepp, Ignace (1966). The Ways of Friendship. New York: The Macmillan Company. L'Abate, Luciano (2007). Friendship, social support, and health. Low-cost approaches to promote physical and mental health: Theory, research, and practice. (pp. 455–472). xxii, 526 pp. New York.

The Advantages of Essay Topics for Psychology

The Advantages of Essay Topics for Psychology The Honest to Goodness Truth on Essay Topics for Psychology You'll also become peaceful since you've delegated the job of making up a topic and essay t competent professionals. However tight your deadline is, you will receive the very best essay! If you wish to create the paper funny, a lot is dependent upon the subject you've selected. After you've chosen an overall region, you can then narrow your paper topic down to something a whole lot more specific and manageable. You must read a whole lot whilst doing research for your academic essay, and it is going to take a lot of time and energy. Generally speaking, students should pick a subject and topic they already know in some depth. Speaking about general psychology, you can select this issue from the full course. Psychology is such a wide subject, so you wish to locate a topic that permits you to adequately cover the subject without becoming overwhelmed with information. For instance, you might begin by deciding that you would like to compose your paper on a topic within a particular branch of psychology. The second undertaking of your introduction is to give a well-rounded summary of earlier research that's pertinent to your topic. After you've finalized the topic for your clinical psychology undertaking, the next thing to do is to begin researching. You should be quite careful in the variety of the topic. To pick a topic from general psychology, you should pick any topic you enjoy and then begin narrowing it down. The topic ought to be good enough to aid you reach to a specific conclusion. It's always much much better to locate a specific, narrow topic. Now you have an overall concept, you drill down further and decide to investigate and write your paper on how prejudice forms and strategies to minimize it. There's a good deal of information that can be found on the web. Keep on reading to learn several topics that it is possible to consider. Just ensure you've got access to lots of resources about the topic that you're thinking of. Inspiration to make your own advertising or media argumentative essay topics isn't tough to discover. When you are finished with the majority of your research you should make an outline. Furthermore, you can observe distinctive topics for your research paper on the site! Maybe you thought you learned more due to the internet format. Unconscious life results in coaching of self-awareness. Most theories in personal counseling require the proposition which each human being aims to increase his behavior. Cognitive psychology tackles the unique mental processes happening in someone's mind. The intent of a psychology research paper, just enjoy any sort of scientific writing, is to find the audience current about developments in the psychology field. If you're a student of psychology, you'd be asked to decide on a specific topic for the last research paper. For instance, you might start by studying on any type of social psychology topic. There are many research paper topics as so on as it comes to psychological disorders you may choose from. Psychology research paper is a typical assignment and source of several sleepless nights at college. Prior to beginning, learn more about the way to perform a psychology experiment. Piecemeal study isn't encouraged. Generally, students have a tendency toward studying only secondary sources when they prepare to compose an essay. Most Noticeable Essay Topics for Psychology Hundreds of on-line psychology experiments are happening at any particular time, many cool and amusing to participate in. If you volunteer to be a component of a study clearly you experience an interest and feel a feeling of responsibility to the experiment. Begin by looking over the notes you made during the research procedure and consider how you wish to present all your ideas and research. Have students hypothesize and decide if they think that color can have an impact on memory.

Christianity and Buddhism - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 535 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/06/16 Category Religion Essay Level High school Tags: Buddhism Essay Christianity Essay Did you like this example? Religion is the moral compass of many; their reason for being and the motive to their everyday actions. Religious practices often become as much of a cultural experience as they do a spiritual one. Christianity and Buddhism are vastly different from each other yet they have one common goal, to live a peaceful existence. Christianity was formed in 33 AD in Jerusalem by Jesus of Nazareth, who claimed to be god in human form, while Buddhism was formed sometime in the late sixth-century B.C.E. by a man in India named Siddhartha Gautama, also known as Buddha, after his spiritual realization(Diffen,;Vail; Adamson). Both Buddhism and Christianity convey the messages of morality, justice, and love(. Christianity is a monotheistic religion, as its believers only believe in one God; Buddhists believe in several gods. The intent of Buddhism is to be liberated from the cycle of life and death by reaching an enlightened state called nirvana. The main idea of Christianity is to love and obey God and form a bond with Him through his son Jesus by spreading the idea of Christianity so others can be delivered as well(Diffen). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Christianity and Buddhism" essay for you Create order The basic principles of Christianity are based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, the Messiah, the son of God, in opposition to Buddhism that is based on the life and teachings of Gautama, a normal man from India who never declared himself divine. Many believe that Buddhists worship Buddha but in Buddhism, there is no God; there is no judgment day which is a huge contrast to the belief of Christians which is that there is a God, an all-powerful God, who will come to earth to judge them for all of their sins. Buddhists do not believe in the concept of sin while confessing to your sins is a staple of the Christian faith(ETB; Adamson). Buddhists believe that the never-ending cycle of death, birth, and rebirth are caused by a persons desires, oppositions, and misunderstandings. Christians believe that sin is caused by lust and bad deeds with the notion that their sins are forgiven through the sacrifice of Jesus(Adamson). Buddhists believe that when one dies they are then reborn to begin the cycle of death, birth, and rebirth that can only be discontinued by reaching Nirvana. By reaching Nirvana one has escaped suffering indefinitely(Diffen). The Christian faith believes that after one dies their soul leaves earth and goes to either Heaven, Hell, or Purgatory and spends the rest of eternity there. Christians believe that they will be delivered through the life, death, and sacrifice of Christ while Buddhists believe that they will reach Nirvana on their own accord by living an honorable life. (Diffen). Both Christianity and Buddhism are two of the most practiced religions in the world. As of 2017, 2.3 billion of the worlds population practices Christianity, 0.5 billion being Buddhists(Hackett, McLendon). The Buddhist population is 500-600 million while the Christian has over 200 billion followers worldwide(Diffen). The majority of the worlds Buddhist population is located in Asian countries like Thailand, India, Japan, China, and Korea while the majority of the Christian population is located in the United States, South America, Europe, Austrailia, and New Zealand(Diffen).

Terrorism Terrorism And Terrorism - 1003 Words

Terrorism Terrorism is when a group of extremist or just one extremist attacks because of political, religious, or economic reasons. I believe the reason why people use terrorism is because this is their form of revenge. They may disagree with something and attack to show how mad they are and to create fear. Terrorism has been used in the past. 9/11 was not the first time terrorism has happened. For example on February 26, 1993, there was the first World Trade Center bombing. What happened was that in a van there were explosives and cyanide. They were set of and six people died and thousands were wounded. Also, there was the Terror of the State. What happened was that millions of people were executed, arrested, and imprisoned. Around 20 million Soviets ended up dying. On February 25, 1994 a man named Baruch Goldstein did a religiously inspired terror. Goldstein was a follower of a Jewish terrorist group name Kach. During the holy month of Ramadan Goldstein went into the town of Hebron. In Hebr on he went inside the Ibrahim Mosque. Inside the Ibrahim Mosque he had an assault-rifle and shot 111 shots. The people he was shooting at were 800 Palestinian Muslim worshippers. 29 people died and 150 were injured but were then beaten to death. The cause of the 9/11 attack was that there were us troops located in Saudi Arabia. These were considered sacred lands of Islam. On pg.10 in the reading packet it says, â€Å"He saw their presence as a way for the United States to fight against andShow MoreRelatedTerrorism : Terrorism And Terrorism1326 Words   |  6 Pagesallowing terrorism to be successful and continue. Terrorists gain power through the common, innocent people they attack. How the world responds to terrorist attacks determines whether or not terrorism will cease. The common people’s response to terrorism, the interest of the state, and the media’s role in terrorism all aide to terrorism’s success and its continuation in the future. How people willingly choose to respond to terrorist attacks defines terrorism and determines if terrorism will continueRead MoreTerrorism : Terrorism And Terrorism1126 Words   |  5 PagesTerrorism Have you ever had a fear for your family, your town, your country, or your world. How about the fear to have everything taken from you, destroyed, and not caring if it has hurt you or not? What about your fear and pain is, and can be someone else’s happiness? The fear of you being terrorized? That is terrorism. Someone else bringing fear and terrorizing you. That is a terrorist’s goal. Terrorism is common and is very difficult to stop. The government promises protection for the peopleRead MoreTerrorism : Terrorism And Terrorism1035 Words   |  5 PagesOver the past Century, terrorism has advanced from random killings to enormous plans for terrorist groups. To understand terrorism you must first define it. Terrorism as we all know it is hard to define and understand, and has many different definitions as it is used widely. The word terrorism stems from the word terror, which means to instill fear in. People become terrorists when they take the actions towards instilli ng fear and terror upon people to prove a certain point or agenda. Some terroristsRead MoreTerrorism : Terrorism And Terrorism1626 Words   |  7 PagesTerrorism can be categorized as â€Å"the use of intentionally indiscriminate violence as means to create terror, or fear, to achieve a political, religious, or ideological aim (Fortna).† Although there is no formal definition of terrorism, we typically associate the words terrorism and terrorists with acts of violence that are used unlawfully to intimidate in pursuance of political gain. Terrorists do not act at random, but rather use violence to maximize on fear and publicity with a specific goal inRead MoreTerrorism And Terrorism : Terrorism1231 Words   |  5 Pages Terrorism is a common term used in the media and news everyday, especially in the United States. We are in a constant battle against ‘terrorism’, â€Å"Counterterrorism has to be woven into the everyday workings of every department. It should be included on the agenda of every meeting†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Kelling Bratton, 2006). Terrorism and How to Respond All terrorism is criminal but not all criminals are terrorists. Terrorism unlike most crimes has a political agenda behind it. Many terrorists are involved withRead MoreTerrorism : Terrorism And Terrorism851 Words   |  4 PagesTerrorist attacks are major threats that could occur in any nation. Terrorism is one of those things that can happen at any time. It will strike in small, medium and large cities. Although we will never be able to remove all risk from terrorism, we can definitely reduce the risk through hazard mitigation and disaster preparedness (GBRA, 2011). To better understand terrorism we need to know what it is. Terrorism can be defined as the use of force or violence against persons or property in violationRead MoreTerrorism : Terrorism And Terrorism1377 Words   |  6 PagesTerrorism in Sudan In the past, Sudan had been designated as a State Sponsor of Terrorism regarding support for international terrorist groups. 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Newspapers coined the word â€Å"Terrorism† as a way of describing RobespierreRead MoreTerrorism Between Terrorism And Terrorism1207 Words   |  5 PagesQuestion † What trends are evident in terrorism over the past 5 years? How have these trends impacted on the ways in which counter terrorism has responded in the Australian context? Introduction Terrorism poses a serious security challenge to the Australia and globally as it prevalence has increased over a decade although less attacks occur in the Western nations. The purpose of this assignment is to examine what trends and terrorist tactics are evident internationally over the past 5 years andRead MoreTerrorism Between Terrorism And Terrorism2012 Words   |  9 PagesTerrorism has played a brutal and alarming role in societies across the world. Many nations have been confronted with the need to develop solutions in the wake of tragedies caused by terrorism. Unfortunately, terrorist organizations are still operating and terrorist acts have continued. Many questions that have still gone unanswered despite careful study, but governments are finding some relief when collaborating with anti-terrorism organizations (Fischer, 2002). Terrorists have struck almost everywhere

2012 Olympic Games Free Essays

Recommendation It will explore whether the Olympics is still athlete focused or more of a profit maker for the host. If these games are to prevail careful observation of previous games must be made to ensure that similar pitfalls are not stumbled upon and past methods can be improved. A more recent turn in economics may prove a large problem for the preparation of the games and the government must be careful as not to under estimate the budget, especially considering the varying views societies take on the use of public spending for all this to happen. We will write a custom essay sample on 2012 Olympic Games or any similar topic only for you Order Now Terms of reference Report specifications Purpose This report is for the assessment of my tutor, Alex Watts. It will asses my understanding and development of report writing and the module so far. Scope I may use any material I can find in this report and have no limit to the references I can use, so long as I do not exceed the word limit set and I reference them on the reference page. I may use a limit less amount of material for background reading and study in relation to this report as long as they are stated in the bibliography or reference page. Aim My aim is to research London 2012 and demonstrate the skills I have learned. Taking reference from material including newspapers, academic journals and books. I will use a broad scope of materials to present a very balanced and clear report of the games. Limitations and constraints I am limited on the length of the report and the due date. The maximum length of the report is 2500 words not including the reference list and bibliography and the due date is the 20th of November. I must ensure my work is of a certain layout and style with a contents table. I may use a maximum of two references from internet sites and any other information obtained from internet sites with have to be recorded in the bibliography and will not count to one of my fifteen minimum references. Also when making reference and listing reading materials I must keep them in accordance with the Harvard referencing system. Objectives This report is due in on the 21st of November and has a word limit of 2500. The key objective in this report is to analyse whether the games will bring all the benefits the government is suggesting. This report will explore the claims made by the government and London’s’ Mayor Boris Johnson and weigh up whether they are too great a task for them to realise in the long run. I will base a conclusion on all the references and information I have put together throughout the report. Methodology and Procedures Materials I had very little knowledge of the Olympics previously and started by looking at past games on various web pages and began relating them to 2012. I paid particular attention to the economic side of the Olympics and what it means on a global scale to the country considering the new economic threat in full force. How I sourced materials I firstly went to the LJMU library (Aldham Robarts) to source information, I couldn’t find many books on the subject and proving far more useful was the LJMU electronic library presenting me with much more information in the form of e-books and academic journals. Many of my searches turned up very specific material from e-books. I then turned to the internet using online newspapers and specific websites on the Olympics. Materials used All materials I have included in my report can be found in my reference list. Any other information that I have sourced that exceeded my reference limit or having be directly used in the report can be found in my bibliography. Findings/Analysis The bid Once the decision was taken in May 2003 to compete for the 2012 Summer Games the slogan â€Å"Back the Bid† filled billboards and posters on the sides of buses and was woven into the fabric of seats on the tube. Opinion polls suggested consistent support for the campaign running at about 70%, and by May 2005 1. 2 million Londoners had signed up online to â€Å"Back the Bid† and 10,000 had already volunteered to be helpers at the Games (The Londoner, 2005 cited by Newman 2007). There was an instant surge of support for the Olympics from the word go, an overwhelming number of Londoners supported the bid. Following success in the Olympic competition on July 6, 2005 and the London bombings on July 7, 2005, the dominant image of London as host for the 2012 Games is as a city â€Å"diverse and unafraid†. (Government office for london, 2006 cited in Newman, 2007) London presented itself as this strong figure in the global portrait and drove forward with this image to try to secure 2012. The city of London will host the Games of the XXX Olympiad. Following four rounds of voting by members of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) on 6 July 2005 at the 117th IOC Session, in Singapore, London eventually triumphed by taking 54 votes from a possible 104. This gave London the majority that it needed to be elected as the host city for the 2012 Games. London had to overcome stiff competition, however, in the form of Paris, New York, Moscow and Madrid in its bid to get the Games. (British Olympic Association, 2008 [online]) London landed a very substantial number of votes in the election and proved to be strong candidate in the running’s all the way though to the final election. Rejuvenation New image Boris Johnson said today that the 2012 Olympics would be â€Å"much, much more fun† than the Beijing Games as he unveiled a vision of the â€Å"party atmosphere† they could bring to London. (Sparrow, 2008) A brighter and better future is seen to be forged for London out of the games The Olympic Development Authority is keen to transform the location site in Stratford, east London, into a flourishing residential are once the athletes have left. This is great news for Stratford and east London which could really benefit from the rejuvenation. Also the lea valley is set to transform into one of the city’s most treasured parks. Britain’s bid for the 2012 Olympic Games would transform 1,500 acres of east London’s Lower Lea Valley, one of the UK’s poorest areas, into the main Olympic site. (Allen, 2004) Location The main Olympic venues are to be located in an Olympic Park and neighbouring areas largely in the borough of Newham in east London. These parts of the city were identified as prospective Olympic sites in the late 1970s when a bid for the 1988 Games was being considered. The mayor’s London Plan favours the east of the city over the west, encouraging new development to follow new public transport investment (Greater London Authority, 2004) It was obvious that the east end would benifit from the developement, the games will help rejevenate london in favour of everyone living there. Athletes competing in the 2012 London Olympics will be housed in a village where apartments will be sold for up to ? 1m after the Games are over. (Pocock, 2006) The Olympic Development Authority is keen to transform the location site in Stratford, east London, into a flourishing residential are once the athletes have left. This is great news for Stratford and east London which could really benefit from the rejuvenation. Also the lea valley is set to transform into one of the city’s most treasured parks. The Olympic village will be designed as part of a new â€Å"water city† which is said to incorporate the green spaces, water ways and canals of lea valley park. When all told is finished they will leave behind 5000 apartments. Economic impacts With The Olympics attracting thousands of spectators a year globally, through radio, television and the thrill of being there, it doesn’t come as a surprise that there is money to be had for people willing to get involved. Growth More than 800 companies have won ? 3. 5bn of work in preparation for the London 2012 Olympics, new figures reveal today. (William, 2008) In the face of an economic recession people may argue that the Olympics Is too much of a mammoth task for the UK to achieve and doing so will put even more strain on the economy with the large budget of tax payers money needed. But in wake of this crisis it could prove to be a saviour in the field it was thought to fall, over 68 percent of the work awarded to 801 so far has been given to small-medium sized businesses and 98 percent of the companies are UK based. On top of that not only will London benefit but 46 percent of the work is going to firms outside of London. It will offer new work to many businesses in a time forecast to bring hardship. London 2012 is an unmissable opportunity in such a time of economic need. An estimated ? 4 billion contributor to the London economy is forecast for the capital prior to and during the London 2012 Games. Combine this with the projected ? 40 billion growth in the London economy over the next four years and it becomes clear that 2012 is just the start of London’s growth. London Developement Agency, 2008) Over spending? Senior figures in the Department of Culture Media and Sport (DCMS) believe the Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA), the body responsible for building the infrastructure of the Olympic project, is â€Å"out of control†. They accuse the ODA of failing to adapt to the realities of the credit crunch and a likely future recession and fear that the promised Olympic legacy is now at risk. (Howker, 2008) Athletes competing in London 2012 face a squeeze on living space in the Olympic Village as the deepening credit crisis threatens resources. O’Connor, 2008) Massive budgets have been set and they continue to rise, surely prompting a revamp of the infrastructure of the London Olympics? More and more money keeps getting pumped into the Olympics, stadium costs have risen ? 16m and the aquatics centre has almost tripled to ? 303m. Not to mention an estimated injection of ? 250m for the building of the Olympic village. the Treasury agreed to give the ODA an interim payment of ? 93m to cover ongoing costs in the construction of the Olympic Village. The money was necessary because organisers cannot find sufficient private investment. Howker, 2008) In the past year, board members of the Olympic Organising Committee received ? 1,000 per two-hour meeting and the chief executive, Paul Deighton, a former Goldman Sachs banker with a personal fortune of more than ? 100m, was paid a salary of ? 557,440. The committee chair Lord Coe splits his time between his Olympic work, for which he receives more than ? 250,000 a year, and managing the Complete Leisure Group. (Howker, 2008) Borris Johnson has been told by his 2012 advisor, David Ross, that the ? 9. 3b budget may simply not be enough. Overspending, deadlines eading further out reach and mounting pressure from a forecast recession in the economy don’t fair to well for the foreseeable future of 2012. The Olympics minister Tessa Jowell has been scurrying to explain her remark that â€Å"had we known what we know now† about the horrible state the economy would be in, â€Å"we would almost certainly not† have bid to host the games, back in 2005. (Conn, 2008) With budgets overstretched, private money not forthcoming, and ministers under pressure to find savings in a shrinking economy, Londoners might be forgiven for wishing that they were not hosting the Olympic and Paralympic Games in 2012 after all. Rajan, Carbon-neutral flame for green Games, 2008) If the overspending continues to rise societies delicate views may shift on the London Olympics. Everyone is feeling the strain of the economic hardship, with government spending at a high with the Olympics and with the banks in such trouble, people may wonder where there money is really going. Funding Cadburys Much funding has been sourced for the budget for the Olympic games, the budget currently sits at around ? 9. b, its much higher than first stated but private funding is expected to make up a large chunk of this. Cadburys is set to be one of the private sponsors The organising committee for the Games (Locog) said the firm would be a â€Å"Tier Two† partner by adding ? 20m to the ? 410m of private money already secured to finance the event. (Rajan, Cadbury to sponsor London 2012 Olympics, 2008) The lottery One large funder of the Olympics will be the national lottery and this has stirred much controversy. London will profit far more from the Olympics than any other part of Britain. For the next seven years local museums, galleries, theatres and village halls all over the country are threatened with losing the funding they have used so well. Winning the right to hold the Olympics is a triumph, but it must not be paid for at the expense of arts and sports in the rest of the country. (Renton, 2005) Lottery interest has fallen from its original super success; new ways are always being put forward from Camelot to rejuvenate public interest in the scheme. At its heart the lottery donates and awards large sums of money to charities and clubs. Arts, sports and good causes are a few of many. This lately has seen to be neglected in light of the Olympics and people fear that the allocation of resources to the Olympics through the lottery is too much of an opportunity cost in light of the causes that should arguably be benefiting from it instead. Conclusions London 2012 The Olympic Games being help in London is a great chance for the UK to shine, not only London but the whole country is on show to the world with thousands of tourists, athletes and officials visiting and millions watching on television. This is one way to tackle the economic crisis at hand, publicity and profit can be gained from this event if handled in the right way. Thousands of jobs will be realized with the huge sum of money and contracts offered to businesses, specifically small businesses within the UK with 98 percent of the work going to UK based businesses. This could be exactly what the economy needs right now. East London will undergo a massive revamp and thousands of new accommodation and prestigious living are will be available all sure to boost spirit and prove a success. However the mounting obstacles may prove just too much for the project to overcome. The economic crisis brings with it increasing skepticism from the public and many officials. Budget targets are being exceeded and many are regretting the original bid in light of this new hardship. With the masses on hand watching it seems like London is setting itself up for a bigger fall with the whole world ready to watch, costs may end up having to be cut and the games may not live up to the originally touted legacy leaver as once believed. How to cite 2012 Olympic Games, Papers

Essential Skills Leadership Effectiveness

Question: Discuss about the Essential Skills for Leadership Effectiveness. Answer: Introduction Workforce diversity aims at maintaining the similarity and differences among the employees of the organization. Diversity in an organization may occur in terms of race, religion, age, cultural background, gender, physical abilities, disabilities, and sexual orientation (Canas and Sondak 2013). After the analyzation of various papers and research papers, it has been clearly stated that workforce diversity is one of the strengths of any organization. It provides experiences, innovations and ideas to the organizations, thereby, improving the productivity of the organization. With the major objective of the organization to earn profit and to enhance productivity, a diversified workforce is quite efficient in nature. Yet, it could be stated that the management of such a diversified workforce is considered as a major challenge for the organization. The organizational framework must be able to manage the diversities of the workforce. It must be capable of providing the employees with better facilities and scope of improvements (Chuah 2013). In this report, the effect of globalization o raising the diversity of the work place has been analysed. This diversity has benefits and challenges associated with it. Diversities within an organization would be helpful for reducing the lawsuits and raising the opportunities for the company to raise their productivity (Harvey and Allard 2015). The challenges faced due to diversity are analysed that are faced by the organization are negative attitudes and behaviour, which can harm the work structure of the organization. Diversity Diversity can be defined as the understanding and acknowledgement of the differences that exist in an organization. It is quite vital for the organizations to embrace the changes in an organization as it helps them to explore new innovative ways of expanding their business. Managing diversity in an organization leads to produce a main component of efficient people managing in the place of work (Business Insider 2016). Due to the presence of reducing the size of the company and outsourcing within an organization, significant changes have taken place. These changes have been quite vital in changing the workplace practices of the organization. These changes directly affect the human resource management of the organization. With the involvement of new technologies and globalization in an organization, and there has been a trend toward longer working hours. Diversity plays a critical role in everything that is done in an organization, including the diversity of thought that is brought to serve the clients. Benefits of diversity The importance of workplace diversity could be taken into consideration by stating that diversity in race, cultural diversity and gender helps in creating better organizations and newest workplace frontier improvises the minds of the individuals. There are two kinds of people, one who is considered as an analytical thinker and the other, who thrive in creative zones. Some individuals love spontaneity, while others are organized planners (Chuang 2013). When all the different kinds of thinkers are mixed in an organization, stimulation is generated with respect to creativity, efficiency and insight. With various thinkers in the workplace, it is quite helpful for the organization to focus on innovations. It raises the productivity of the organizations. There are five steps to raise the diversity in the companies. These steps would be to hire the unconventional candidate, know the qualities of the team members and leverage their unique talents, encourage the individuals to come up with th eir individual perspectives. The involvement of transition in culture of the workplace, creation of improvement and productivity takes place in the firm. Creating a culture in the organization that welcomes diversities in the organization and improves the productivity of the organization. Diversity of the workplace can be beneficial for both the associates and the employers. A diverse form of workplace is considered as a reflection of the changing world of the marketplace (Saxena 2014). Diversity management can instigate a fair and safe work atmosphere, which raises the opportunities and challenges faced by the organization. Challenges in diversity There are various challenges in managing a diversified workplace. It is more than simply acknowledging the differences of the people. Managing a diversified organization involves the manager to face differences and discrimination about various aspects prevailing in the workplace. These discriminations and differences might pose a threat to the smooth functioning of the organization (Forbes.com 2016). There exist various negative attitudes, which harm the working relations within the organization. It adversely affects the diversity of the workplace. Negative attitudes and behaviour in the workplace include prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination, which should never be used by management for hiring, retention, and termination practices. Required tools for managing diversity One of the efficient ways of managing the challenges faced due to diversity in workplace is by efficiently managing the organization. An efficient leader in an organization would help in acknowledging the diversities within an organization that would affect in raising the productivity of the organization. With an efficient leadership form to be assisted in an organization, the importance of diversities that are present in the workforce could be analysed and used in a productive way. Technological innovations, globalisation and demographic changes has caused various differences among the individuals of the organization. Leaders of such organization need to involve cultural awareness, interpersonal skill, global mindset, and effective manager employee relationships (Green et al. 2002). It is quite important for such leaders to improve the performance of the company, take the responsibility of the society and other international leadership skills and cross culture human relations. With the help of these attributes, the leaders would efficiently explore and investigate the diversities of the work force and improvise better strategical implementations in the economy. This would in return help in improving the productivity if the organization. Conclusion A diverse workforce helps in changing the methods and processes that are analysed while analysing the processes of the organization. Every human is different, therefore, his or her perspectives regarding the same problem is different. The society has discriminated the people in various aspects, which imply a transition among the attributes of the employees. The organization that is quite efficient in maintaining the diversity of the organization would be successful in framing a distinctive position of the firm among its competitors, sustain the growth of the firm along with improvising the change management of the firm. Reference Business Insider. (2016). Why 'Thought Diversity' Is The Future Of The Workplace. [online] Available at: https://www.businessinsider.in/Why-Thought-Diversity-Is-The-Future-Of-The-Workplace/articleshow/23169224.cms [Accessed 5 Dec. 2016]. Canas, K. and Sondak, H., 2013.Opportunities and challenges of workplace diversity. Pearson Higher Ed. Chuah, J.V.H., 2013. Diversity in the workplace. Chuang, S.F., 2013. Essential skills for leadership effectiveness in diverse workplace development.Online Journal for Workforce Education and Development,6(1), p.5. Forbes.com. (2016). Forbes Welcome. [online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/glennllopis/2016/04/23/is-diversity-good-for-business/#5ac3409512e8 [Accessed 5 Dec. 2016]. Green, K.A., Lpez, M., Wysocki, A. and Kepner, K., 2002. Diversity in the workplace: benefits, challenges, and the required managerial tools.University of Florida,1(4). Harvey, C.P. and Allard, M., 2015.Understanding and managing diversity. Pearson. Saxena, A., 2014. Workforce diversity: a key to improve productivity.Procedia Economics and Finance,11, pp.76-85.