Internet and the Issues It Gave Birth to Assignment

Internet and the Issues It Gave Birth to - Assignment Example The present paper has identified that  the internet has a profound impact on culture, both good and bad. A culture can be defined in the simplest possible terms as the sum total of the ideologies, customs, rituals, language, and lifestyle of a people that sets them apart from other people. In fact, the world is filled with diverse cultures which have their roots reaching even the Stone Age. The first impact the internet has in this field is the assimilation of these cultures resulting in the creation of a world uniform culture. To elaborate, the coming of the internet hugely helped the spread of western culture throughout the world. As most Asian and African countries look westward for technology and development, they inadvertently take up the lifestyle of western civilization that is highly liberal in nature. Yet another terrible blow is the disappearance of regional languages and the dominance of English. As English is the language that is mostly used in higher researches and as it is the main language in use on the net, it becomes necessary for other people to adopt English as a means of communication, thus leading to the erosion and gradual demise of their regional languages. As stated in Forbes and Mahan, (Eds.) (135), since the primary language of the internet is English, it would transmit the elements of Western values including an emphasis on material goods, entertainment, sex, and romance. The way the dressing sense of the modern youth has changed is the most effective example of this influence. If one can see young people wearing jeans and t-shirts in all countries and cultures and if they are seen eating pizza and hotdogs forgetting their traditional food items, as everybody knows, it is the internet to be blamed. However, the other side of the argument, though quite feeble, is that the internet does not necessarily eliminate the values of indigenous cultures. As Nakamura (88-89) states, the internet has the potential for challenging western influe nce; and moreover, it can turn to be an effective device for non-western users. The author points out the example of New Media Center Sarai New Delhi which has developed software for indigenous non-literates. According to Lessig (10), people around the world have the opportunity to build and cultivate a culture; perhaps a cyber-culture that would reach beyond the local boundaries. Unfortunately, the internet offers people the opportunity to destruct their cultures too. Ethical issues associated with the use of internet Though the accurate meaning of ethics vary from culture to culture and people to people, there are certain universally accepted norms of ethics that distinguish humans from other animate and inanimate beings. One can undoubtedly say that the security and freedom provided by internet lure many people into forgetting their ethics and morality to enjoy the unlimited chances of enjoyment available on the net. The first one in this row is the adoption of pseudo-identity on the internet to cheat people. As everybody knows, it is possible to hide one's real identity and this provides people immeasurable chances of carnal pleasure, monetary frauds, and other innumerable ways of cheating. To be precise, the availability of porn sites which often impart biased views on sex is responsible for the increasing sexual atrocities or crimes against females throughout the world.

Corporate Risk Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Corporate Risk Management - Essay Example In recent years, and especially after the global economic crisis, it is an observation that some governments are endeavoring to reduce expenses so that they can cope with the crisis in different sectors. The Saudi government has concluded that operating a medical hospital by private companies result in the increment of costs for the government. Therefore, the government decided to begin operation of hospitals publicly to reduce expenses, as well as, to increase the quality of medical services provided to the people. This decision put some companies in big trouble because it was a sudden decision that were relying on only the operation of hospitals as their financial source. At the end of 2008, experts witnessed anger of the public in Saudi Arabia due to lack of quality services of some companies associated with the field of medical operation of government hospitals. Government, as well as public noted that companies were not able to provide services equivalent to that of the government contracts. Therefore, the Saudi government issued a surprising decision to prohibit companies from running public hospitals, which led to the annoyance of associated companies that caused termination of the employment contracts with huge number of staff. In this section, I will identify the basis of the problem, as well as determine the extent of the problem and its impact on the specific company. In addition, the paper will attempt to discuss confrontations of this risk and the way company resolved this risk in an efficient manner. For such purpose, graph including factors of the risk management cycle will provide a comprehensive understanding of the issue. The first phase of the cycle of risk management is identification of risk and factors that caused the risk and circumstances that promoted the occurrence of risk. Although the dependence on a specific investment seems a

The Strategic marketing applied by Orange

The Strategic marketing applied by Orange The Orange brand is central to companys vision and success A brand is a promise delivered It was developed with flexibility to cross the borders and to challenge the conventions of mobile telephony. In the year 1996 it entered into FTSE-100 becoming the youngest company ever to enter. It is the Fifth largest customer in the world, with over 189 millions of customers as on December 2009. Orange group serves more than 175 million customers in 5 continents. Today Orange is one of the most powerful brand in the word. It is number 3 in Europe in respect of Tele communication and Number 1 in respect of Broad band services. On 1st of July 2010, Orange in UK and T Mobile in UK became the UKs largest communications company. Key Person: Richard Stephen (CEO) 1.1 Impact of Organization strategy on the Marketing Plan: Organizational strategy represents the complete set of activities that an organization chooses to perform to meet its mission, goals, and objectives. Successful implementation of organizational strategies requires a crucial understanding of the linkages between resources, activities, and the desired outcomes. Organizational strategy has two key dimensions: Conformance and Performance. The conformance dimension is intended to ensure that an organization meets its compliance on accountability and assurance requirements, while the performance dimension is to ensure that value is created and resources are utilized appropriately. Oversight committees have been established for decades that monitor the conformance requirements. However, it is important to recognize that there have been no explicit strategic oversight bodies until recently. Organizations are starting to realize that these two dimensions need to be balanced appropriately. In the following paragraph we will examine that we will examine how marketing plan affects and contribute to both dimensions of its organizational strategy. On the other hand, Marketing Plan is a document describing a firms potential customers and a comprehensive strategy to sell them goods and services. It is a written document that details the necessary actions to achieve one or more marketing objectives. The impact of organizational strategy is very foundation. Marketing plan is always made in the light of organizational main strategy. It is a part of overall organizational strategy and works under the umbrella of overall organizational strategy which will lead to achievements of the main objectives of the organization. As mentioned above that organizational strategy has two dimensions conformance and performance, both dimension are need to be consider at every strategic level. Orange is a public limited company and has to maintain the discipline of cooperate governance and procedures of regularity body like Ofcom and Financial service authority FSA therefore it has to make such marketing plan which ensure that it product and service compliance with mentioned regularity bodies that covers the conformance dimension of organizational strategy. Secondly, performance dimension of organizational strategy focuses a business plan that is increasing value through great marketing mix, marketing strategy and product positioning which covers the performance dimension of organizational strategy. 1.2 Components of Marketing Plan: There are following components of marketing plan. Executive Summary Introduction / State of Business SWOT Analysis Objectives and Marketing Strategy Implementation: (4Ps/ 7Ps) Financial Implications Control and Evaluation 1.3 Risks issues within a Marketing Plan: Risks are likely events that will significantly lower the volume base, raise the required spending rate, or have some other adverse effect on margins or market share. An effective market plan should consider the key risks to the business and organizational overall strategy and presents contingency plans to be followed to minimize the negative impact of these risks. Most key risks involve competitive actions not directly addressed in the marketing plan, possible internal operating problems or the failure of the marketing programs to deliver what is expected. The impact on the volume base or spending rate is then estimated and a specific contingency plan to overcome the situation is proposed. It also includes an explanation of what performance measures and levels will trigger implementation of each contingency plan. Close monitoring of these measures is consequently an important control function. 2.1 Level of Importance of each component of a plan First will be the SWOT analysis SWOT analysis : SWOT analysis is one of the major components of a plan It is the Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Treats of the Organisation; It is the strategic planning method which helps the marketers to focus on key issues. Marketing Strategy of Orange: The marketing strategy of Orange will be explained at the later stage of this work by using Ansoff growth matrix strategy model. It is also regarded as one of the important component of the plan, because it states what Orange is doing in terms of its business nature. 4 ps of Orange : 4 ps which are Product, Price, Place and Promotion also forms an important basis of the plan, It will help orange to position itself in the market. These 4 ps are an important parameters in the hands of Directors and Marketing manager to control it but subject to the internal and external environment constraints. Financial Implications: Any activity undertaken or performed in the business is related financially or in other words, all the activities performed within the business has financial implications. The marketing plan should also show how the marketing strategy had changed the organisation financially in terms of planning and development. 2.2 Mitigation Strategies for High risk component of the plan. The risky components which are mainly Product, Price, Orange Strength, Competitors Threats etc, Orange had developed various plans and strategies in order to mitigate these threats which is explained below. Different product lines for different customers Introducing different product lines in order to meet customer needs. Orange has further divided its three main products which are Pay as you go talk plan, Pay monthly talk plan and broadband service into various different types of sub-product to cater the needs of the customer. For e.g. Panther pay monthly plan provides unlimited texts, Unlimited Internet for text and Internet lover whereas Racoon pay monthly provides unlimited landline calls. Orange had designed and altered its product as per requirement of each and every customers. This is made in order to mitigate the choice and preference of customers which differs from person to person. Different price plan to cater different range of customers Orange also had different price plans for every customers, in order to meet the budget of an individual it has low price plan from  £15 a month to highest  £75 to its business customers. Allowing Minutes bundles for International calls for UK customers Orange should identify the composition of UK customers as most of the customers are immigrant, and most of them mean to be from different countries and are often making International calls, Orange should introduced an Access number by which one can make International calls by using the monthly available bundles of minutes from the plan. This will help orange to increase its customer base. Product Diversification Orange should also diversify its business current other business of Orange can be explained as follows. Orange has diversified its business recently from Telecommunication to different sector in order to earn extra revenue to the group. Such as: Orange Credit Card (In Association with Marble Cards). Orange World Orange Credit Cards. In association with marble cards (HFC) group Orange is offering now credit cards, With an (a.p.r) of 14.9% Orange should also look into the Advertising business, because it has millions of customers which is a key point and its strength. Orange should look this business seriously as it will help to generate additional revenue. Orange world Orange world is the internet portal giving the best of internet service on your mobile phone. Its gives the access to the web as if you are using your computer and internet at your home You can now download your favorite music, videos, play online games, download games, access to the latest news, do shopping, book your favorite holiday etc. 2.3 Marketing Plan 2010 Orange Marketing Plan Marketing plan can be explained in the following way. Executive Summary Introduction/State of Business Analyses Market/Industry/Competitors/ Companies (SWOT for each) Objectives and strategy Implementation (4/7Ps) Financial Implications Control and Evaluation Executive Summary Customer base increased by 6% in the year 2009 with nearly 200 million customers all over the world, In Europe there are about 20.7 million mobile telephone customers. In October 2009 Luxembourg became the 31st country which uses Orange services. To sustain its long-term growth, the Group needs to be present in every key link in the value chain. This will enable Orange to defend its positions against other major market competitors. Orange is now operating in 32 countries compared with 19 countries in 5 year ago time. Environmental Commitment 20% reduction in CO2 emissions between 2006 and 2020. 15% reduction in energy consumption between 2006 and 2020. 25% renewable energies for new mobile stations by 2015 (notably in Africa). 80% of Group scope engaged in Environmental Management System (EMS) process by 2015. State of Business The level and quality of business and financial performance were impressive, given the very difficult environment the France telecom faced from both a macroeconomic standpoint and in terms of regulatory pressures. The Group maintained its revenues, excluding the impact of regulatory measures, and generated cash flow that exceeded its announced objective. Orange launched service in Armenia and Uganda last year. With operations in Jordan since 2000, it was awarded the countrys first 3G licence and will begin marketing attractive solutions in the first a quarter of 2010. Around 3,500 researchers, marketing specialist works in Orange labs. Analysis Market Analysis SWOT Strength Strong customer base Good network strength Strong Marketing and promotion techniques Market Penetration Product Innovation Environmental Commitment Iphone 4 (Only available with O2,Vodaphoe and Orange) Weaknesses Poor Broadband services in UK. Major customers only in France and UK Opportunities Improvements in Broadband service. Orange can concentrate on its broad band service and improve in major parts of UK. Threats Stiff completion in the telecommunication industry (Competitors) all around the world. III) Orange Marketing Strategy The marketing strategy of orange can be explained in taking into example of Ansoff growth matrix strategy model. The model has four main objectives where the company does it business or operates Market Penetration Product Development. Market Development Diversification. (Figure 1.1 shows the example of Ansoff growth Matrix model) Existing Products New Products Market Penetration Product Development Market Development Diversification Existing Market New Market Figure 1.1 Ansoff growth Matrix Model Objectives of Orange The two main objectives of Orange is Profit Improvement Increase in Customer base. IV) Market Penetration. Market Penetration is a growth strategy where the company does the business where the market for that particular product is already in exists. Orange sells its Mobile and Broadband services in the market where there the competition is very high, currently in U.K market Orange faces tough competition from the following companies. Implementation 4 Ps of Orange Marketing http://jumpdigitalmedia.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/4ps.png I) Key Products Pay as you go products: These are the sim cards which are offered to customer, it need to top up every time with a minimum of  £5 pounds in order to make phone calls each cost costs up to 20p per minute and 10p on texts. Orange offers various pay as you go products each products has its own specialty all its pay as you go products in UK can be explained as follows. Monkey (for free text and music lovers) Dolphin (for free text and internet lovers) Canary (for free evening and weekend minutes) Racoon (15p per minute calls) Camel. (Good for International call users, calls to more than 50 countries from just 5p per minute.) Pay monthly products Orange offers pay monthly mobile contracts ranging from 18 months to 24 months. And again the above animals are used for the pay monthly mobile contracts with a different specialty each of them. Panther (Unlimited text, Unlimited Internet, Satellite navigation with Orange maps, 50 picture messages.) Dolphin (Unlimited Text, 250mb of mobile internet usage.) Canary (Unlimited Text) Racoon (Unlimited landline calls, 300 texts.) Broadband services Orange has categorized its broadband services into home broad band and mobile broad band. Home broad band is usually purchased by families for Internet browsing, Following are the packages available for Home broadband. Home Ultra (from  £10.5 per month plus  £10.50 Orange Line rentals) Home Max (Unlimited superfast broadband from  £6.50 per month plus  £10.50 Orange line rentals inclusive evenings and weekend calls) Home Select (Your own existing line rentals from  £9.00 per month) Home starter ( £7.00 per month) Mobile Broad band It is a broad band service which you can use take anywhere with you i.e. mobility They provide a dongal which is a kind of a memory stick and can be easily plugged in the laptop for Internet use. Again it uses the animals to identify its packages in broadband, each animal has different specialty. Following are the broadband packages which are made available to the customers Racoon (Usage of data from 500 MB to 1.5 GB) An 18 months contract from  £5 pounds to  £10 a month Dolphin (3 GB from  £35 pounds a month, 18 months contract) Panther (Unlimited usage of broad band from  £35 pounds a month) Price Orange has decided its price according to mobile or broad band service it provides, varieties of prices ranging from product to product. Its pay monthly product starts from  £15 a month to  £75 a month, this pricing is totally depends upon the usage and selection plan by the customer. Same thing applied to Home and Mobile broad band. Place Orange is making is service available in many parts of the world with the network reach to more than 21 countries, including all Europe, some parts of Asia, Middle East and Africa. Promotion Orange UK uses various techniques to promote its products and benefits to its customers One of its important and long running promotion activity is Orange Wednesday cinema tickets, which are buy one and get one free for all Orange customers in UK. Orange also does it advertisement with Yahoo and Hotmail users, whenever a user is logged in the system using yahoo mail or hotmail an advertisement pop up runs which informs the users about the current offers available and forthcoming mobile phone. In 2009 the Orange Foundation supported programmes in 31 of the Groups host countries in Europe, Africa and Asia. These initiatives promote schooling of girls and provide scholarships. Most of this work is part of broader projects aimed at economic integration for women, including the Feminine Promotion programme in Vietnam. Orange still continues its long running advertisement in UKs Cinema hall in almost all parts of the country. Financial Implications Orange has adjusted its Capital Expenditure with relation to the economic condition in the year 2009 while also taking care of the strategic area such as 3g mobile network and acquisition of new licenses in the emerging countries. The launch of a quadruple play will strength Oranges position It is an offering that combines fixed, Internet, mobile and TV services. Their another priority is optimising investments in marketing and sales, a key differentiating factor, coupled with the introduction of value-added Orange Care services for mobile customers. In addition, the Group will embark on the first phase of investments in its fibre-optic network in France 3.1 Understanding how to promote the marketing plan in support of strategic objectives As mentioned earlier the main strategic objectives of Orange is Market Penetration which can be known in Ansoff Growth Matrix and other one is achieving Higher Revenues. The Marketing plan discussed above will help Orange to achieve its above objectives in following ways Different varieties of product lines will help to focus different types of customers demand and requirement with regards to market segmentation which will increase number of customers. The Unique facilities to customers like Free Cinema tickets (Orange Wednesdays), International Access number for free International calls will attract new customers who are making International calls frequently and one who are movie lovers. The Collaboration with Apple company for iphone4 will also give competitive advantage as it currently only available with O2, Vodafone and Orange. The product Diversification also helps the orange to generate additional revenue, And can also attract customers from subsidiary business of orange to its main business for e.g. Introducing Orange Credit card in the market. 3.2 Approach to reach the agreement for the Marketing Plan, The approach will be based on the current analysis of Orange and its Marketing and Business Environment and also suggestions are made in plan which will help the Board of Directors and Management committee to go through the plan and arrange resources to implement the plan As plan concludes that it will be very helpful to Orange to increase its customer base and revenues which are the main objectives. Therefore it will be agreeable on the basis of its strong formation and projection. 3.3 Evaluation and Review Measures to agreed plan: This marketing plan uses one or more business building tests. These are tests of single marketing variables designed to find more effective or efficient ways of spending marketing resources. They involve monitoring and comparing the results of different spending levels, types of promotions, pricing, advertising, sales approaches, Of Orange. The effectiveness of Marketing plan can be reviewed by conducting Customers survey by phone, emails, texts, market surveys etc. Review can also be carried out by measuring Oranges performance before and after implementation of Marketing plan. Also by monitoring the telephone conversation between customer service department and customers of Oranges related with queries in order to identify the number of response of the customers regarding their satisfaction or dis-satisfaction with Orange products and to identify potential opportunities and weaknesses in all line of Oranges product .

Its Time to Legalize Drugs Essay -- Drug Legalization

No one can honestly claim that current American drug policies have been a success. To the contrary, the current policy of drug prohibition, aside from being ineffective and costly, has created a set of unwanted consequences including: a high prison population of non-violent offenders, corruption within law enforcement, health issues, and an erosion of civil liberties . Albert Einstein said, â€Å"Insanity is doing the same thing over and over and expecting different results.† Yet despite the failures of the current policy in deterring drug use that is just what the government is choosing to do. It’s time to consider a different approach to the drug issue. An approach that will address drug use in an innovative way while solving the problems which drug prohibition has created while also bringing societal, health, and economic benefits but most importantly it will also give back the individual liberties. It’s time to consider the legalization of drugs. Drug prohibition has proven to be a very costly war. Currently the government spends $47.8 billion a year on prohibition enforcement, according to a 2010 Department of Economics, Harvard University report by Jeffrey A. Miron. Yet despite the exorbitant amount of money being spent fighting this â€Å"war on drugs†, drugs are still prevalent on our streets. A 2008 a report found the US leads the world in illegal drug use with a whopping 42.4% of Americans admitting to trying illegal drugs at least once. (Warner) In 2009 a the Federal Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration found that nearly 21.8 million Americans (equivalent to about 8.7% of the population) used illegal drugs had used drugs within the last year. (Hananel) Furthermore according to the White House Drug... ... York Times. 24 Mar. 2009. Web. 27 Nov. 2010. . Sterling, Eric E. "Foreign Policy In Focus | Drug Policy: Failure at Home." Foreign Policy In Focus | Home. 6 Oct. 2005. Web. 28 Nov. 2010. . United States. General Accounting Office. General Government Division. LAW ENFORCEMENT Information on Drug-Related Police Corruption. May 1998. Web. 28 Nov. 2010. Warner, Jennifer. "U.S. Leads The World In Illegal Drug Use - CBS News." Breaking News Headlines: Business, Entertainment & World News - CBS News. 1 July 2008. Web. 28 Nov. 2010. . Wisotsky, Steven. "A Society of Suspects: The War on Drugs and Civil Liberties." USA Today [Farmingdale] July 1993: 17-21. SIRS Researcher. Web. 23 Nov. 2010.

John Keats’ “Lamia” and The Romantic Era Essay

The Romantic era, which was the period of time following the Enlightenment, existed to eradicate the idea that innovation, produced from research and reason, was the basis for truth. Writers of the Romantic era, such as John Keats, believed that imagination, not rationalization, was the foundation truth was built upon. Of this Keats says, â€Å"The Imagination may be compared to Adam’s dream–He awoke and found it truth† (Rodriguez, Keats, 49). Even though the duration of his life was lacking, Keats must have recognized that some deductions and philosophies had a profound affect on the world. In one of his later poems, Lamia, Keats addresses this question of truth and its application to his concept of Negative Capability. It is from Robert Burton’s Anatomy of Melancholy that Keats forms the plot of Lamia (Stillinger, 359). A young man Lycius falls in love with the beautiful Lamia, whose body has been transformed from that of a serpent to that of a woman. Lamia, with little effort, convinces Lycius to flee with her to an enchanted palace, where they live and love happily until they decide to marry. At their marriage banquet Lamia withers and dies, as Apollonius, Lycius’ â€Å"sage† and â€Å"trusty guide† (II-375), is able to see through her illusion. Lycius also dies, his â€Å"arms were empty of delight† (II-307), as his dream is also shattered. Keats multifaceted concept of Negative Capability is best understood as the following: â€Å"that is when man is capable of being in uncertainties, mysteries, doubts, without any irritable reaching after fact and reason.† (Rodriguez, Keats, 40) Directed to a colleague, and perhaps an extension of the previous idea Keats says: â€Å"I am certain of nothing but the holiness of the Heart’s affections and the truth of Imagination–What the imagination seizes as beauty must be truth–whether it existed before or not†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Rodriguez, Keats, 48) If imagination is as Adam awoke to find the truth, and beauty is truth and truth is beauty, then Lamia is both beautiful and true. Although the narrator describes her attractive physical qualities as both a serpent and a maid, Lamia is as she imagines herself, which is how she’d like Lycius to imagine her. Regarding Lycius, Lamia â€Å"won his heart More pleasantly by playing woman’s part† (I-336-337). Toward the end of the poem, when Apollonius accuses Lamia of being a serpent, her human body starts to deteriorate, as she acknowledges his view. Apollonius, the â€Å"good instructor,† â€Å"robed in philosophic gown† (I-365), embodies all that Keats’ Negative Capability is working against–the things â€Å"known for truth by consequitive reasoning† (Rodriguez, Keats, 51) instead of imagination. Lycius also, in questioning Lamia, â€Å"Sure some sweet name thou hast† (II-85), â€Å"Hast any mortal name† (II-88), prov es his own susceptibility to the narrow truth of rationale. Although Lamia begins to wither under Apollonius’ stare, it is only when Lycius considers his teacher’s thoughts as truth, that she is actually destroyed. In attempting to define and confine Lamia’s nature to their record of common things, they destroy her imagination–her own perceptions on beauty and truth, â€Å"Do not all charms fly at the mere touch of cold philosophy† (II-229-230)? The dream that was Lamia’s, the reason for her to become a woman, was Lycius, the young Corinthian she was in love with. When Apollonius inflicts his philosophy on Lamia, her dream is destroyed, and with it Lycius.

Born-Haber Process Lab

Chemistry Lab: Haber’s Process (A Computer Simulation) Cherno Okafor Mr. Huang SCH4U7 October 8th, 2012 Introduction The Haber process is the process by which ammonia (NH3) is produced. The equation for this reaction is†¦ The symbol shown in the middle means it is a reversible reaction so the product can decompose back into the reactants. Therefore, optimum conditions must be selected to get the greatest yield. When the forward and backward reactions are the same, it is said to be in a state of dynamic equilibrium.The position of this dynamic equilibrium can be moved forward by changing the conditions the reaction is done in. This follows Le Chatelier’s Principle which says changes to a system in equilibrium will move it in an opposite direction. Condition (Dependent Variables)| Effect (Independent Variables)-Yield, Equilibrium Time, Net Profit| Pressure| Increasing this will improve the yield because the forward reaction reduces pressure. However, putting up the p ressure too far is impractical and becomes too expensive. Temperature| A higher yield can be obtained by using a low temperature since the forward reaction produces heat, but this also will make the reaction slower, and less profitable. | Catalyst| The Haber process makes use of catalysts like iron, tungsten, and platinum to speed up the reaction, however this does not improve the yield. | Note: The conditions of the Haber process must be finely balanced to reach a combination of highest yield and fastest reaction, this is very important because getting this right will make sure this industrial process is as profitable as possible.Data Collection and Processing (Raw Data): Variables| Results (No Catalyst)| Results (No Catalyst)| Results (No Catalyst)| Results (No Catalyst)| Results (No Catalyst)| Temperature ( °C)| 658| 660| 663| 677| 680| Pressure (Atm. )| 464| 482| 510| 658| 694| Time to Equilibrate (Min)| 10. 16| 10. 17| 10. 17| 10. 15| 10. 15| Yield (%) | 15. 8| 16. 3| 17. 1| 21. 2| 22. 2| Amount ($) per day| 36,454. 36| 36,413. 56 | 36,380. 36 | 36, 361. 71| 36,321. 0| RESULTS: * After this first trial using no catalysts, it is evident that the equilibrium time is extremely slow and unfortunately, only produces a small yield yet with a large amount of net profit per day. * Another thing was the temperature. The net profit and yield seemed to be at its highest when the temperatures were set at around the 600-700 °C range. With an extremely low temperature though, the time to equilibrate was close to a million years, so temperature had to be fairly high * In terms of the pressure, it had to be between the 400-700 Atm. ange (not too high so that it would yield a high cost and not too low so that it would yield a low percentage and net profit) but just in the middle * I wanted to find balance in my profit and yield, so with no catalyst, I adjusted the bars so that the temperature value was fairly close to the pressure value and the results were a greater net profit, with a reasonable equilibrium time of reaction Variables| Results (With Iron Catalyst) | Results (With Iron Catalyst)| Results (With Iron Catalyst)| Results (With Iron Catalyst)| Results (With Iron Catalyst)| Temperature ( °C)| 468| 475| 472| 473| 479| Pressure (Atm. | 721| 881| 809| 832| 989| Time to Equilibrate (Min)| 10. 18| 10. 16| 10. 17| 10. 16| 10. 18| Yield (%) | 58. 8| 63. 9| 61. 7| 62. 4| 66. 9| Amount ($) per day| 33, 793. 48| 33, 909. 39| 33, 805. 15| 33,893. 81| 33, 753. 80| RESULTS: * After this second trial, I used the catalyst of iron. Iron was by far the most profitable catalyst to use as it was not that expensive as the others (Tungsten and Platinum), and it produced a high yield with a pretty high amount as well * In terms of the temperature, it was a very typical 400-500 °C range which is also a very high temperature and the yield of ammonia would be high and my net profit as well. For pressure, I increased its value to the 700-900atm range and th is in conjunction with my high temperature range produced the best results as I produced high yields from 50-70% with the exact same time frame it took for the non-catalyst reaction to equilibrate * So obviously with the addition of the iron catalyst, I did not have to take more or less time for the equilibrium reaction to take place, I instead produced a higher yield of ammonia with a fairly large net profit, which was my goal in the first place Variables| Results (With Tungsten Catalyst)| Results (With Tungsten Catalyst)| Temperature ( °C)| 429| 435|Pressure (Atm. )| 346| 418| Time to Equilibrate (Min)| 10. 46| 10. 16| Yield (%) | 50. 4| 49. 9| Amount ($) per day| 19, 506. 24| 19, 495. 86| RESULTS: * Finally, for this last third trial, I used Tungsten catalyst. This Tungsten catalyst was not as efficient as the iron catalyst, and it also cost more. * In terms of temperature, the 400-450 °C range which was average because increasing the temperature would have created more econo mic problems such as higher costs of energy/production, etc. With iron, it was fairly easy to play around with the temperature, but for Tungsten it was more challenging. I also had to lower the pressures, but not too low so that the equilibrium time would be slow, but not too high either so that I would be losing a lot of profit because of the economic costs * As a result, this adjustments yielded only a little less than what I yielded with iron, however still a fairly high yield. The only decrease was in the net profit, because of the expenses of Tungsten. * The Temperature-Equilibrium Considerations: * One must shift the position of the equilibrium as far as possible to the right in order to produce the maximum possible amount of ammonia in the equilibrium mixture.The forward reaction of the production of ammonia is exothermic. Therefore according to Le Chatelier’s Principle, this will be favoured if one lowers the temperature. The system will respond by moving the position of equilibrium to counteract this-producing more heat. In order to get as much ammonia as possible in the equilibrium mixture, one needs as low a temperature as possible. * The Temperature-Rate Considerations: * The lower the temperature one uses, the slower the reaction becomes. In this case though as a manufacturer, I am trying to produce as much ammonia as possible per day.It makes no sense to try and achieve an equilibrium mixture which contains a very high proportion of ammonia if it takes several years for the reaction to reach that equilibrium. Therefore, one needs the gases to reach equilibrium within the very short time that they will be in contact with the catalyst (or without) in the reactor. * During my experiment lab, I noticed that the temperature range of 400-700 °C is a compromise temperature, producing a reasonably high proportion of ammonia in the equilibrium mixture, but also in a very short time. * The Pressure-Equilibrium Considerations:There are only 4 molec ules on the left-hand side of the equation, but only 2 on the right. According to Le Chatelier’s Principle, if you increase the pressure the system will respond by favouring the reaction which produces fewer molecules. That will cause the pressure to fall again. In order to get as much ammonia as possible in the equilibrium mixture, one needs as high a pressure as possible. * The Pressure-Rate Considerations: * Increasing the pressure brings the molecules closer together. In this particular instance, it will increase their chances of hitting and sticking to the surface of the catalyst where they can react.The higher the pressure, the better in terms of the rate of a gas reaction. * Economic Considerations: * Very high pressures are extremely expensive to produce on two accounts: * One has to build extremely strong pipes to withstand the very high pressure. * Also, high pressures cost a lot to produce and even maintain. That means that the running costs of your manufacture are very high for you. * During my lab, I noticed that 200 atm is a reasonable choice of pressure. If the pressure used is too high however, the cost of generating it exceeds the price you can get for the extra ammonia produced. The Catalyst-Equilibrium Considerations: * The Catalyst actually has no affect whatsoever on the position of the equilibrium. Adding a catalyst does not produce any greater percentage of ammonia in the equilibrium mixture. Its only function is to speed up the reaction. * The Catalyst-Rate Considerations: * In the absence of a catalyst, the reaction is so slow that virtually no reaction happens in any sensible time. The catalyst ensures that the reaction is fast enough for a dynamic equilibrium to be set up within the very short time that the gases are actually in the reactor.Conclusion: To sum up, the objective of this computer simulation lab was to produce a high yield of ammonia with as high a net profit as possible, while considering the economic factors suc h as energy cost, and production cost, and even catalyst costs. It turned out that I was prohibited from using platinum as a catalyst because it was too expensive. Out of the remaining catalysts: Iron, and Tungsten, Iron was the most efficient and profitable one as it is less expensive and yielded a great amount of ammonia while I was able to make a large profit as well.The Tungsten catalyst did yield a fairly high amount of ammonia, however not a very high net profit was made from it and this is again due to the economic implications of energy and production as mentioned. When I did not use any catalysts, the problem was that the time to equilibrate the reactions was atrocious, and very slow. With the criteria â€Å"highest yield and fastest reaction† in mind, the most optimal combination to produce ammonia was the 400-500 °C (479 °C) temperature range, with the 900-1000 Atm range (989atm). and along with the iron catalyst produced 66. % of ammonia, and at least $33, 000 in net profit. I chose this result as the best one because of the balance of the dependent variables of time, yield, and net profit. I could not find my way up to at least $34, 000 or above in net profit with the iron catalyst. I only managed to exceed that profit when I did not use any catalysts, but again the reaction time is way too slow and hence senseless. I probably could have kept on going to gradually adjust the temperature and pressure one by one to look for an even higher yield and net profit, but time is an issue and I would have to sit for a long time doing this.